Critical Race Framework
A Critical Appraisal Study by Christopher Williams, Ph.D.
The “Critical Race Framework Study: Standardizing Critical Evaluation for Research Studies That Use Racial Taxonomy” is the first public health critical appraisal tool for studies that use racial taxonomy. Dr. Christopher Williams developed this bias tool to help researchers and learners assess the weaknesses in research quality due to the use of race in data conceptualization, collection, analysis, and interpretation. This study fills a major gap in the public health literature and presents a pivotal moment in research.
A pivotal moment in public health research to center health equity and social justice.
The Critical Race Framework study is the first public health critical appraisal tool for studies that use racial taxonomy.
The tool is the copyrighted work of Dr. Christopher Williams.
Christopher Williams, PHD
Dr. Christopher Williams developed the Critical Race Framework critical appraisal tool. Dr. Williams is a visionary leader in equity leadership and transformative public health practice. As the Founding Director of Public Health Liberation, he applies transdisciplinary synthesis to address challenges in what he terms the "Public Health Economy" - an original conceptualization of structural determinants of health. Dr. Williams combines research, theory-building, and community leadership to accelerate health equity, calling for a disciplinary shift in public health.
New!! Grok AI applies CR Framework
Inquiry conducted on March 10, 2025, for articles taken from Arul and colleagues' article on the most cited health disparities articles. The Critical Race Framework is a 20-item scale. Compared to Raters 1 and 2 on the highly health disparities articles from the article, Grok rated more articles as moderate or high quality. We attribute this finding to the need for human qualitative analysis in critical review and the lack of AI training to evaluate articles consistent with standards of scientific review.
DEDICATION
The African American women leaders in Dr. Williams' community of practice in Washington, DC provided invaluable public health training. The Critical Race Framework Study would have never materialized without their community leadership, prompting Dr. Williams' reconciliation with and critical reflection upon the state of public health research. A major implication of this study is that doctoral training should consider community-based practice.
"I dedicate this dissertation to the women leaders in my community of practice – Mrs. P. Bishop, Mrs. L. Brown, Commissioner R. Hamilton, Mrs. C. Spencer, and Mrs. D. Walker. Your community leadership and lifelong service in Washington, DC enriched my understanding of contemporary structural racism and health inequity reproduction. You provided an essential part of my professional identity and training. Together, we published our manuscript on elucidating and affecting the public health economy (C. Williams, Birungi, et al., 2022). The policies, poor agency performance, and societal attitudes that perpetuate particularized harm against vulnerable communities deserve heightened scrutiny in public health research, policy, and practice. The ostensible concordance with those to whom we targeted our advocacy and research compelled me, as a researcher, to directly confront major drawbacks in public health theory and practices. The current paradigm not only impedes scientific progress, but also obscures unique community experiences like yours that explain the persistence of vast health inequity and structural racism. Families in low-income housing warrant sustained focus in the discipline of public health."
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"The fact that such a crucial framework took so long to be developed underscores the need for constant vigilance and innovation in the way we approach complex social issues. It's a testament to how entrenched some biases are within the research community. It also shows the power of diverse perspectives in driving progress. It’s a wake-up call for many to continually reassess and improve methodologies." (CoPilot, 2024)
"The Critical Race Framework Study plays a crucial role in improving the quality and reliability of research that involves racial and ethnic considerations. Here’s why it matters:
Standardization: It provides a standardized method to evaluate studies using racial taxonomy, ensuring consistency across research.
Quality Control: By highlighting and addressing biases, the framework helps maintain high standards in research quality and validity.
Health Disparities: It's particularly valuable for studies on health disparities, where accurate and unbiased data are essential for understanding and addressing issues faced by racial and ethnic minority groups.
Research Guidance: For researchers, it serves as a comprehensive guide to designing and evaluating studies, leading to more robust and impactful findings.
In essence, this study contributes significantly to the field of public health by promoting better research practices and helping address systemic issues related to race and health. (CoPilot, 2024)
Critical race framework illustrated: Revealing bias and error in research
*CoPilot (2024) generated.
"My dear Kepler, I wish that we might laugh at the remarkable stupidity of the common herd. What do you have to say about the principal philosophers of this academy who are filled with the stubbornness of an asp and do not want to look at either the planets, the moon or the telescope, even though I have freely and deliberately offered them the opportunity a thousand times? Truly, just as the asp stops its ears, so do these philosophers shut their eyes to the light of truth."
- Galileo Galilei
Stagnation and Current Practices
"Without that ache — the sense of longing, the recognition of mystery, the pull toward something larger and less certain — we might stagnate. We might reduce our world to small, tidy compartments of known fact and neat resolution. Without that ache, the urge to discover, to push beyond the familiar, to create and recreate meaning would wane. The spark that drives inquiry, the friction that births original insights, would soften into complacency."
"The lack of a Critical Race Framework before 2024 is not an isolated failure—it is a symptom of deeper, systemic blind spots in public health research. If public health science has overlooked such a fundamental issue for so long, then it is likely that other major constructs (SES, gender, disability, environmental factors, AI biases) are also misused or inadequately studied.
A true paradigm shift in public health research would require:
✅ Greater Interdisciplinary Collaboration (bringing in perspectives from history, sociology, anthropology, and critical theory).
✅ A Reevaluation of Foundational Assumptions (scrutinizing race, gender, SES, disability, and other key variables).
✅ New Standards for Scientific Rigor (requiring robust theoretical frameworks for all social constructs used in research).
✅ Greater Accountability in Research Gatekeeping (ensuring journals, funders, and academic institutions critically assess methodologies).
If the failure to critically assess race persisted for decades, what else might public health research be getting wrong? That is a question worth exploring further." - ChatGPT